糠醛衍生化-气相色谱(NPD)法测定水中水合肼

通过研究影响水样中水合肼的糠醛衍生化物的衍生化、萃取,及气相色谱的分离和氮磷检测器(NPD)的测定条件,建立了糠醛衍生化-气相色谱(NPD)法测定水中水合肼的新分析方法。实验结果表明,用糠醛衍生化、乙酸乙酯萃取肼的糠醛衍生化物,气相色谱-NPD检测器测定肼的糠醛衍生化物,水合肼糠醛衍生化物的萃取率为89.3%~93.4%,在0~200 μg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.014 μg/L,加标回收率为81.7%~99.4%,相对标准偏差为2.9%~6.3%。方法特异性好、准确、灵敏度高、重现性好,实用,适于水中水合肼的监测。     

预氯化工艺去除水中氰化物、硫化物及水合肼等还原性污染物研究

以较常见的预氯化为技术手段,考察了预氯化工艺去除饮用水中氰化物、硫化物以及水合肼等还原性污染物的效果和影响因素.结果表明:(1)实验条件下氰化物浓度随有效氯投加量的增加而下降,并在有效氯投加量＞5.0 mg/L时降低到低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)中限值(0.05mg/L),在有效氯投加量＞6.0...     

分光光度法测定水中水合肼方法检出限的优化

用对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法测定水中水合肼,将显色剂用量由5.0 m L降至3.0 m L,比色皿厚度由30 mm增至50 mm,水样酸度由1 mol/L降至0.5 mol/L,同时增加低浓度校准曲线,实现对其方法检出限的优化。结果表明,优化后方法检出限由0.007 8 mg/L降至0.001 0 mg/L,精密度及加标回收率均符合规范要求,能够保证低浓度水样的准确测定。     

河水中水合肼降解规律的探讨

本文通过室内及室外实际河流的监测,证明了水合肼的降解符合动力学一级反应。降解速度受水温、微生物、溶解氧、pH等因素影响,水温高,有微生物的存在,富氧及pH在6—8之间的条件下,降解速度快。温度对降解的影响符合K_T=K_(20)θ~((T-20))公式。利用微机计算出K_(20)与θ,结果pH为6时K_(20) 0.0281~1/h,θ1.045,pH为8时K_(20) 0.021~1/h,θ1.036,计算与实测降解系数平均误差分别为1.17％和-10.7％。在所实验的河流中,水合肼的降解系数为0.300~1/h平均误差为-5.87％。     

The occurrence of disinfection by-products in the drinking water of Athens,Greece

Application of chlorination for the disinfection of drinking water results in the formation of a wide range of organic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which occur due to the reaction of chlorine with natural organic materials. The occurrence of DBPs was studied in samples from four drinking-water treatment plants (WTPs) and from the distribution network of Athens, Greece. Twenty-four compounds, which belong to different categories of DBPs, were monitored, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HAKs), chloral hydrate (CH) and chloropicrin (CP). Sampling was performed monthly for a period of two years, from three different points at each WTP and from eight points atthe distribution network. Samples were analyzed by GC-ECD methods, which included pretreatment with liquid-liquid extraction for volatile DBPs and acidic methanol esterification for HAAs. The results of the analyses have shown the presence of disinfection by-products belonging to all categories studied in all water samples collected after prechlorination. The major categories of DBPs detected were THMs and HAAs, while the other volatile DBPs occurred at lower concentrations. The concentrations of DBPs did not in any case exceed the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) set by USEPA and WHO. However, monitoring these compounds needs to be continued, because their levels could increase due to changes in the quality of water entering the water treatment plants. Reduction of the concentrations of DBPs could be achieved by optimization of the chlorination conditions, taking into account the effect of time. Moreover, research on alternative disinfection methods (e.g. ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramines) and their by-products should be conducted to evaluate their applicability in the case of the drinking water of Greece.     

羟胺对厌氧氨氧化污泥群落的影响

目前,由于厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)过程具有高效率、低能耗和污泥量少的优点,在污水除氮方面具有广阔的应用前景.羟胺既是厌氧氨氧化代谢的中间产物,同时也是一种抑制剂,但是目前关于厌氧氨氧化细菌颗粒如何应对羟胺的压力还没有很好的解释.通过羟胺批次添加实验,发现在投加不同浓度的羟胺情况下(40～80mg·L~(-1)),厌氧氨氧化的反应活性受到了抑制作用,但是无法判断厌氧氨氧化细菌对羟胺的耐受阈值.然后基于实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)技术检测了不同反应器内肼氧化酶(HZO)的mRNA的表达量,发现HZO酶的表达量随着羟胺浓度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势,由此本研究推测相对于3.12g·L~(-1)的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,其承受的羟胺浓度(以N计)阈值介于60～70mg·L~(-1).同时利用16S rRNA高通量测序的方法对反应器内的颗粒污泥微生物结构与功能进行分析,发现投加适量的羟胺(50mg·L~(-1))有助于增强颗粒污泥中细菌的细胞运动性,促进厌氧氨氧化细菌的组成,提供一个更佳的生态平衡.     

大气中羰基化合物GC/MS分析方法

介绍了一种灵敏度高、可靠并且能同时检测大气中20种羰基化合物(C1～C10)的分析方法.该方法是采用涂布PFPH(衍生剂)的Tenax TA作为固体吸附剂采集大气样品,然后再经过溶剂洗脱和气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分离检测的一项分析技术.校正曲线的可决系数(R2)、检测限(LOD)、平行样标准偏差(RSD,n=6)、回收率分别为0.995～1.00,0.15～1.04ng·m-3,7.3%～15.8%和92.7%～109.2%.该方法成功地应用到对大气中羰基化合物的定量检测.对羰基化合物浓度的日变化分析表明,上海大气中羰基化合物浓度变化与大气光化学反应的强弱有密切关系.     

测定大气中丙烯醛标准样品的研制

以甲醇为溶剂配制了用于测定大气中丙烯醛(丙烯醛-2,4-二硝基苯腙)的标准样品,通过气相色谱电子俘获检测器或液相色谱紫外检测器(波长360 nm)进行分析测试.采用重量法配制,经过均匀性、稳定性检验和多个高水平的实验室用气相色谱、液相色谱方法定值,数理统计检验,给出了标准样品的标准值和不确定度.该标准样品可应用于环境监测、污染控制、质量保证和质量控制、仪器校准等.      

基于自碳黑的水化硅酸钙制备及其磷回收特性

以白碳黑、硅灰、硅藻土和硅胶筛选硅质原料，并与钙质原料电石渣制备了水化硅酸钙。借助XRF、BET、FT—IR等表征手段，通过多次重复除磷实验，研究了硅质原料特性对水化硅酸钙回收磷性能的影响。结果表明，白碳黑具有极高的反应活性，因此可作为制备具有磷回收特性的水化硅酸钙的硅质原料。结合XRD等表征发现，白碳黑的有效利用率是影响水化硅酸钙回收磷性能的关键，该利用率取决于白碳黑与电石渣的摩尔配比以及水热反应温度。当电石渣与白碳黑的摩尔比为1．6：1，反应温度为170℃时，白碳黑具有最佳的利用效率。该条件制备的水化硅酸钙可作为晶种，在其表面结晶形成羟基磷灰石，从而达到磷回收的目的，磷回收后固体物质中的磷含量为19．05％。     

Dynamic characteristics of cool thermal energy storage systems—a review

Cool thermal energy storage (CTES) plays a significant role in conserving available energy, improving its utilization, and correcting the mismatch that occurs between the supply and demand of energy. It has been employed in many applications, for example, cool storage systems for air-conditioning and natural cooling of energy-efficient building. CTES is widely used in various industrial applications such as food and pharmacy processing, where large short duration loads are often required. This paper presents a review on CTES systems and characteristics. The dynamic characteristics of chilled water storage system, coil pipe cool storage system, packed bed cool storage system, gas hydrate cool storage system, and ice slurry cool storage system are analyzed and discussed. The applications of CTES system are summarized.